腐烂等级和径级对天宝岩长苞铁杉林木质残体理化性质的影响

木质残体是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其理化性质影响木质残体的分解.本研究以集中分布于天宝岩国家级自然保护区的长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata)林木质残体为对象,将4个不同类型林分的木质残体划分为5个腐烂等级和4个径级,研究林分类型、腐烂等级、径级及其交互作用对木质残体理化性质的影响.结果 表明:从物...     

长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段群落系统发育和功能性状结构

群落构建一直是生态学研究的热点,基于系统发育和功能性状量化生境过滤、竞争排斥以及随机过程在群落构建中的作用,能够深入理解群落构建机制。本研究以长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段的3个5.2 hm~2样地(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始椴树红松林)为平台,基于被子植物分类系统Ⅲ(Angiosperm Classification System,APGⅢ)构建的系统发育树和7个关键功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶片厚度、叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、氮磷比、最大树高),结合环境数据,分析不同演替阶段群落系统发育和功能性状结构。研究表明:(1)各演替阶段7个植物功能性状都表现出显著的系统发育信号,表明植物功能性状受系统发育历史影响;(2)系统发育和功能性状结构在不同演替阶段和不同径级均为非随机状态。随着演替的推进群落系统发育和功能性状结构由聚集走向发散;随着径级的增加,系统发育和功能性状结构的聚集程度减小,表明随着演替阶段的进行和径级增大,竞争性排斥的作用逐渐明显;(3)各演替阶段系统发育和功能性状的周转都为非随机且不同因子对两者的解释力度存在差异。演替早期空间距离的解释力度小于环境距离,说明生境过滤在群落构建中的重要性,而在演替后期空间距离的解释力度大于环境距离,验证了扩散限制在群落构建中的重要性。     

紫花苜蓿的花蜜量和访花蜜蜂数量对种子产量的影响

对10个紫花苜蓿品种的花萼直径、花蜜量、访花蜜蜂数量和种子产量进行了研究,结果表明,紫花苜蓿的单位面积花蜜量与访花蜜蜂数量呈极显著正相关(r=0.93**),访花蜜蜂数量与种子产量呈显著正相关(r=0.87*);紫花苜蓿的花蜜量与花萼直径呈极显著正相关(r=0.99**);紫花苜蓿品种赛特(Sitel)和德宝(Derby)在兰州地区能获得高产、优质的种子。     

北京市三个功能区空气微生物中值直径及粒径分布特征

空气中微生物对人类健康的危害除了与微生物的种类和浓度有关外,还与微生物粒子的大小密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机理不同。通过定点试验调查,运用国产安德森生物粒子取样器着重研究北京市3个功能区(文教区-中国科学院生态环境研究中心所在区域、交通干线-西直门和公园绿地-北京植物园)空气微生物的中值直径和粒径分布。结果表明,不同功能区空气微生物的粒径分布相同,空气细菌,真菌与放线菌的粒径分布各不相同。空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,空气真菌呈对数正态分布,空气放线菌的分布特征与空气真菌相反,主要分布在>8.2μm和<2.0μm级中。不同属真菌的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,链格孢属和无孢菌为偏态分布。空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌和放线菌。交通干线和公园绿地空气细菌和真菌粒子中值直径明显大于文教区,放线菌粒子中值直径交通干线明显高于文教区和公园绿地。空气微生物中值直径在一年各月中没有明显的变化规律。     

The relationships between static and dynamic variables in the description of root growth. Consequences for field interpretation of rooting variability

Field root investigations are often limited by the static nature of classical observations, resulting in the need to develop alternative methodologies that allow dynamic interpretation of root architecture variability on the basis of static measurements. The objectives of this work were (i) to evaluate the use of selected morphological indicators, namely root apical diameter (Da) and the length of the apical unbranched zone (LAUZ), in predicting primary and lateral root growth patterns in banana trees, (ii) to propose a field methodology for the assessment of root dynamics based on static measurements. Banana trees (Musa acuminata cv `Grande Naine') were grown in 5 rhizotrons as well as in field conditions, respectively on pouzzolane and Mollic Andosols. In rhizotrons, root growth analysis was carried out by reporting root elongation, Da and LAUZ, three times a week. In field conditions, 4 series of excavations were made at three-week intervals. Apart from root growth rate, measurements were the same as those in the rhizotrons. LAUZ was confirmed as a stable and good predictor of root growth rate for the different types of roots. In the rhizotrons, the root growth of lateral roots was found to be well correlated to the product of Da and the growth rate of the bearing root. Evaluation in field conditions from static observations attested consistent relationships between measured and predicted root length for lateral roots (slopes close to 1:1). The apical diameter can be considered as a good indicator of root growth potential, while actual lateral root growth depends on the bearing root elongation rate. Morphological static indicators calibrated from growth dynamics in rhizotrons are of major interest in explaining growth variability in field conditions. Especially the `growth rate-LAUZ' relationship can be considered a useful tool in interpreting field patterns of growing roots in relation to various soil conditions.     

太行山南麓低山丘陵区栓皮栎直径变化及其与环境因子的关系

使用周长传感器(Circumference DC2)研究了太行山南麓低山丘陵上栓皮栎人工林树干直径的日变化及其影响因子.结果表明:在季节性干旱期间,栓皮栎树干的直径变化周期性明显,直径收缩与液流启动时间基本一致,直径最小值滞后于液流速率最大值3 ～4 h;栓皮栎直径日最大收缩量(MDS)呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,与累积液流通量和叶片水势日差值极显著相关,与土壤含水量呈显著的二次方程关系.MDS值受气象因子变化的影响,与温度日差值、蒸汽压亏缺日差值和相对湿度日差值显著相关,而与太阳辐射日差值的相关性不显著.连续降水后,土壤水分不再是栓皮栎直径变化的限制因子,MDS值与累积液流通量、叶片水势、土壤含水量和气象因子差值的相关性均不显著.季节性干旱期和雨季的土壤含水量和温度是影响树干直径日变化的主要因子.     

Improved enzyme production by bio-pellets of Aspergillus niger: targeted morphology engineering using titanate microparticles

The present study describes the design of bio-pellet morphologies of the industrial working horse Aspergillus niger strains in submerged culture. The novel approach recruits the intended addition of titanate microparticles (TiSiO(4), 8 μm) to the growth medium. As tested for two recombinant strains producing fructofuranosidase and glucoamylase, the enzyme titer by the titanate-enhanced cultures in shake flasks was increased 3.7-fold to 150 U/mL (for fructofuranosidase) and 9.5-fold to 190 U/mL (for glucoamylase) as compared to the control. This could be successfully utilized for improved enzyme production in stirred tank reactors. Stimulated by the particles, the achieved final glucoamylase activity of 1,080 U/mL (fed-batch) and 320 U/mL (batch) was sevenfold higher as compared to the conventional processes. The major reason for the enhanced production was the close association between the titanate particles and the fungal cells. Already below 2.5 g/L the micromaterial was found inside the pellets, including single particles embedded as 50-150 μm particle aggregates in the center resulting in core shell pellets. With increasing titanate levels the pellet size decreased from 1,700 μm (control) to 300 μm. Fluorescence based resolution of GFP expression revealed that the large pellets of the control were only active in a 200 μm surface layer. This matches with the critical penetration depth for nutrients and oxygen typically observed for fungal pellets. The biomass within the titanate derived fungal pellets, however, was completely active. This was due a reduced thickness of the biomass layer via smaller pellets as well as the core shell structure. Moreover, also the created loose inner pellet structure enabled a higher mass transfer and penetration depths for up to 500 μm. The creation of core-shell pellets has not been achieved previously by the addition of microparticles, for example, made of talc or alumina. Due to this, the present work opens further possibilities to use microparticles for tailor-made morphology design of filamentous fungi, especially for pellet based processes which have a long and strong industrial relevance for industrial production.     

Hydraulic architecture and water relations of Spartium junceum branches affected by a mycoplasm disease

Plant water relations, xylem anatomy and the hydraulic architecture of 1‐year‐old twigs of Spartium junceum, both healthy and affected by a phytoplasm disease, were studied. The disease causes twigs to be either shortened (witches broom disease, WBD) or flat (fasciate disease, FD). WBD twigs show a sevenfold increase in total leaf area, smaller and shorter xylem conduits, a higher stomatal conductance (g_l) and a decline of minimum leaf water potentials ( Ψ _l) below the turgor loss point. FD twigs had nearly twice the leaf area of the healthy controls as well as high g_l values and Ψ _l values below the turgor loss point. Moreover, significant differences between healthy and affected twigs in stem stomatal conductance (g_s) and in the total stem area were recorded. Affected twigs die back under drought stress, which is explained by a pronounced loss of hydraulic conductivity of the infected stems (40 and 60%) in FD and WBD as well as by the unfavourable ratio of weighted conduit radius ( Σ r⁴) to total surface area (A_t), so that the efficiency of the stem in supplying the whole transpiring area with water is strongly reduced.